The Evolution of Skyscrapers: From the Eiffel Tower to the Burj Khalifa

Skyscrapers are among humanity’s boldest architectural statements. Reaching toward the heavens, these towering structures reflect not only technological innovation but also the ambitions, identities, and dreams of civilizations. From the wrought-iron elegance of the Eiffel Tower to the shimmering heights of the Burj Khalifa, the evolution of skyscrapers is a story of progress, design revolutions, and changing urban landscapes.

The Birth of a Vertical Ambition

The Eiffel Tower: A Symbolic Starting Point (1889)

Though not a skyscraper in the traditional sense—being a lattice tower rather than a habitable building—the Eiffel Tower in Paris marked a pivotal moment in vertical construction. Designed by Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 World’s Fair, it stood at 300 meters (984 feet), dwarfing any other man-made structure at the time.

While initially criticized for its stark industrial design, the tower became a global symbol of innovation. Its success demonstrated that it was possible—and desirable—to build up rather than out.

The Rise of the True Skyscraper

Early 20th Century: The American Ascent

In the early 1900s, the skyscraper took shape in the United States, particularly in Chicago and New York City. Steel-frame construction and elevator technology allowed buildings to soar to unprecedented heights.

• Flatiron Building (1902) – A New York icon and early example of the steel skeleton structure.

• Woolworth Building (1913) – At 241 meters, it was dubbed the "Cathedral of Commerce."

• Chrysler Building (1930) – An Art Deco masterpiece, briefly the tallest building in the world.

• Empire State Building (1931) – Reaching 381 meters, it symbolized American might during the Great Depression.

These buildings reflected both an architectural flourish and a race for economic and symbolic supremacy.

Mid-Century Modernism and Functionality

By the 1950s and '60s, the emphasis shifted toward minimalist, International Style towers focused on efficiency and functionality.

• Seagram Building (1958, NYC) – A collaboration between Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson, it introduced clean lines and open spaces.

• John Hancock Center and Willis (Sears) Tower in Chicago brought structural expressionism to the fore, with exposed steel and distinctive shapes that showcased engineering rather than concealing it.

Globalization and Vertical Ambitions

As cities across the world industrialized, the skyscraper became a global phenomenon.

• Petronas Towers (1998, Kuala Lumpur) – Twin towers that reclaimed the height record from the West, incorporating Islamic design motifs.

• Taipei 101 (2004, Taiwan) – Reached 508 meters with an earthquake-resistant design, blending high-tech with traditional feng shui principles.

The Megatall Era: Burj Khalifa and Beyond

Burj Khalifa: The Pinnacle of Skyscraper Evolution (2010)

Standing at a breathtaking 828 meters (2,717 feet), Dubai’s Burj Khalifa is the tallest structure ever built. Designed by Adrian Smith of SOM, its sleek, tapering form is not only a marvel of engineering but also a symbol of Dubai’s global aspirations.

The tower utilizes advanced materials, wind-tunnel testing, and a buttressed core design to manage structural loads and sway. It redefined what is architecturally and financially possible in vertical construction.

Post-Burj Developments

The Burj Khalifa sparked a new generation of "megatall" (600+ meters) and "supertall" (300–600 meters) buildings:

• Shanghai Tower (632 meters, China)

• Abraj Al Bait Clock Tower (601 meters, Mecca)

• Merdeka 118 (678.9 meters, Kuala Lumpur)

The under-construction Jeddah Tower in Saudi Arabia aims to cross the 1,000-meter mark, though progress has been slow.

Beyond Height: Sustainability and Smart Cities

Modern skyscrapers are not just about reaching the sky—they're about efficiency, sustainability, and connectivity. Innovations include:

• Green skyscrapers with vertical gardens and rainwater harvesting.

• Net-zero energy towers with solar panels and smart building systems.

• Mixed-use vertical cities, combining residences, workspaces, and public areas in one structure.

Architects now ask: How can we live better vertically?—not just taller.

Cultural Impact and the Future

Skyscrapers have become cultural and political symbols:

• They signify economic power and urban prestige.

• They shape city skylines, often defining a metropolis at a glance.

• They inspire awe and controversy, as debates continue over inequality, gentrification, and environmental impact.

In the future, we may see 3D-printed skyscrapers, floating or mobile towers, and structures that adapt to climate change and population growth. Vertical living may become a necessity as much as an innovation.

Conclusion

From the iron skeleton of the Eiffel Tower to the shimmering spire of the Burj Khalifa, the skyscraper is more than architecture—it is a story of human aspiration. Each new height achieved represents our ongoing quest to redefine limits, both physical and philosophical.

As we continue to build upward, we are not just creating structures—we are crafting the legacy of our cities, and perhaps, of civilization itself.

The Future of Smart Cities: Where Architecture Meets Technology

In the age of digital transformation, cities are evolving beyond concrete and steel—they’re becoming intelligent ecosystems. Smart cities represent a new vision where architecture, data, and technology intersect to create urban environments that are efficient, sustainable, and deeply responsive to human needs. But what happens when architecture itself becomes part of that intelligence?

What Are Smart Cities?

A smart city uses digital technologies and data-driven systems to optimize infrastructure, energy use, mobility, communication, and public services. Sensors monitor air quality, algorithms manage traffic, and apps connect citizens to resources in real time.

Yet, while technology provides the “brain” of a smart city, architecture gives it form, function, and identity. Buildings and public spaces are no longer passive—they are active agents in the urban network.

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1. Intelligent Buildings as Urban Nodes

In smart cities, architecture isn't just shelter—it’s interactive infrastructure. Modern buildings are increasingly equipped with:

• IoT sensors that track energy use, temperature, or occupancy.

• Smart HVAC and lighting systems that adapt to real-time conditions.

• Responsive facades that change with weather or sunlight.

These buildings communicate with the urban grid, adjusting consumption and feeding data back into a city-wide system of optimization.

Example: The Edge in Amsterdam is often cited as one of the smartest buildings in the world—connected to users' phones, adjusting settings based on personal preferences, and producing more energy than it consumes.

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2. Sustainable Design Meets Smart Technology

Sustainability and smart tech are deeply intertwined. Architecture in smart cities integrates:

• Green roofs with sensors monitoring soil moisture and biodiversity.

• Water recycling systems with AI to manage usage patterns.

• Photovoltaic panels linked to smart energy grids.

With climate change accelerating, buildings are being designed not just to reduce environmental impact—but to be proactive agents of environmental health.

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3. Mobility-Integrated Architecture

Architecture in smart cities redefines how we move through space. With autonomous vehicles, electric scooters, drone delivery, and public transit apps reshaping mobility, design must adapt.

• Buildings with automated parking or charging hubs.

• Seamless interfaces between pedestrian areas and transport systems.

• Multi-use structures that combine housing, retail, and transit access under one intelligent roof.

Urban planning is now a choreography of human flow, machine logistics, and digital control.

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4. Public Space Goes Digital

Parks, plazas, and streets are becoming digitally augmented spaces. Smart lighting adjusts for safety or ambience. Public art interacts with visitors via motion or sound sensors. Wi-Fi-enabled benches and kiosks offer connectivity and information.

Architecture must now anticipate interactivity—not just how people inhabit a space, but how they interface with it.

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5. AI and Big Data in Urban Design

Urban design is being revolutionized by data analytics. AI tools can:

• Predict population density shifts.

• Optimize zoning for maximum livability.

• Simulate how a building impacts wind, noise, and light in the neighborhood.

Architects and city planners now work with living data models, designing in real-time collaboration with algorithms to shape cities that are dynamic, not static.

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6. Human-Centric, Not Machine-Dominated

Critics of smart cities warn of over-surveillance, loss of privacy, and sterile urban experiences. The future challenge is clear: technology must serve humanity, not the other way around.

Architecture becomes the bridge between the digital and the human. Smart cities must feel alive—rich in culture, walkable, inclusive, and emotionally resonant. That requires not just sensors and code, but good design, civic vision, and empathy.

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Conclusion: Designing the Conscious City

The future of smart cities lies at the intersection of data and design, machine intelligence and human creativity. Architects are no longer just building structures—they are crafting intelligent environments that learn, adapt, and evolve with society.

In this new frontier, the smartest cities won’t just be connected—they’ll be conscious, deeply aware of the people they serve.

And the architecture of tomorrow? It will be beautiful, sustainable, and alive with possibility.

10 Sustainable Building Materials You Should Know About

As the world faces climate change and environmental degradation, architecture and construction are undergoing a green revolution. Buildings account for nearly 40% of global carbon emissions, making the choice of sustainable building materials more important than ever.

Whether you're an architect, builder, or homeowner, understanding eco-friendly materials is key to creating a more sustainable future. Here are 10 sustainable building materials you should know about—each offering unique benefits for durability, efficiency, and environmental impact.

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1. Bamboo

Why it's sustainable:
Bamboo is a fast-growing, renewable resource that can be harvested in 3–5 years—far faster than traditional timber. It absorbs CO₂ rapidly and regenerates without replanting.

Uses:

• Flooring

• Wall panels

• Structural elements (especially in tropical climates)

Bonus: It's lightweight, strong, and has a beautiful natural aesthetic.

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2. Recycled Steel

Why it's sustainable:
Steel is one of the most recyclable materials on Earth. Using recycled steel reduces the need for mining raw ore and lowers carbon emissions significantly.

Uses:

• Structural framing

• Roofing

• Reinforcements

Fun fact: A typical house built with recycled steel saves enough energy to power it for 10 years.

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3. Hempcrete

Why it's sustainable:
Hempcrete is a bio-composite made from hemp fibers, lime, and water. It’s carbon-negative, meaning it absorbs more CO₂ than it emits during production.

Uses:

• Insulation

• Non-load-bearing walls

• Plaster and flooring

Advantages: Lightweight, breathable, mold-resistant, and highly insulating.

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4. Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)

Why it's sustainable:
CLT is made by gluing layers of timber in alternating directions, creating panels that are strong, stable, and renewable. When sourced from responsibly managed forests, it offers a low-carbon alternative to concrete and steel.

Uses:

• Walls

• Floors

• Roofs in mid- to high-rise buildings

Growing trend: CLT is leading the way in the mass timber movement.

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5. Reclaimed Wood

Why it's sustainable:
Reclaimed wood gives a second life to lumber from old buildings, barns, and factories—reducing the need for new deforestation and keeping waste out of landfills.

Uses:

• Flooring

• Beams

• Furniture and finishes

Bonus: Offers unmatched character and historic charm.

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6. Rammed Earth

Why it's sustainable:
Rammed earth uses natural raw materials like gravel, clay, sand, and a small amount of stabilizer (like cement or lime), compacted into solid walls. It requires minimal processing and is highly durable.

Uses:

• Walls

• Foundations

• Floors

Thermal performance: Excellent insulation and temperature regulation in warm climates.

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7. Straw Bales

Why it's sustainable:
Straw bales are an agricultural byproduct that can be used as insulation or wall systems. They are highly renewable and have excellent thermal performance.

Uses:

• Wall insulation (within wooden frames)

• Low-rise, energy-efficient homes

Perks: Natural, affordable, and biodegradable.

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8. Cork

Why it's sustainable:
Harvested from the bark of cork oak trees—without harming the tree—cork is naturally renewable, biodegradable, and recyclable.

Uses:

• Flooring

• Acoustic panels

• Insulation

Bonus: Lightweight, water-resistant, and fire-retardant.

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9. Ferrock

Why it's sustainable:
Ferrock is a carbon-negative material made from recycled steel dust and silica. It absorbs CO₂ during the curing process and is stronger than concrete.

Uses:

• Structural components

• Driveways and pavements

Innovation alert: Ferrock is part of a new wave of carbon-sequestering materials.

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10. Mycelium

Why it's sustainable:
Made from the root system of fungi, mycelium is grown into molds and then dried into lightweight, biodegradable blocks.

Uses:

• Insulation

• Wall panels

• Packaging and furniture

Futuristic factor: Biodegradable, fire-resistant, and potentially grown onsite.

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Conclusion: Building a Greener Future

Sustainable building materials aren't just good for the planet—they often outperform traditional materials in durability, insulation, and innovation. As architects, builders, and citizens demand smarter solutions, these eco-friendly materials are becoming essential in shaping the cities and homes of tomorrow.

The green architecture movement isn’t just a trend—it’s a necessity. And it starts with what we build with.

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Crafting Culinary Sanctuaries: A Guide to Designing Restaurants in Architecture

Restaurants are more than just places to dine; they are immersive spaces where culinary experiences unfold, and memories are made. Designing a restaurant in architecture is a multifaceted endeavor that requires a delicate balance of aesthetics, functionality, and ambiance. In this guide, we explore the essential elements and key considerations for creating restaurants that captivate the senses, engage the palate, and evoke a sense of culinary delight.

Understanding the Culinary Concept:

Before embarking on the design process, it's essential to understand the culinary concept and vision for the restaurant. Is it an intimate fine dining establishment, a casual bistro, or a trendy gastropub? Clarifying the culinary concept and target audience informs key design decisions and sets the tone for the overall ambiance and atmosphere.

Spatial Layout and Seating Arrangements:

Effective spatial layout is fundamental to the design of a functional and inviting restaurant. The layout should be carefully planned to optimize traffic flow and create distinct dining zones within the space. Balancing intimate seating areas with communal tables, bar seating, and private dining rooms ensures versatility and accommodates different dining preferences.

Ambiance and Lighting:

Ambiance plays a crucial role in creating a memorable dining experience. Lighting design sets the mood and atmosphere of the restaurant, with options ranging from soft, ambient lighting for intimate settings to bright, energetic lighting for lively environments. Incorporating a mix of lighting fixtures, such as pendant lights, wall sconces, and candles, creates depth and visual interest, enhancing the overall ambiance of the restaurant.

Materials and Finishes:

The choice of materials and finishes contributes to the overall aesthetic and character of the restaurant. Warm, natural materials such as wood, stone, and leather create a cozy and inviting atmosphere, while sleek, modern finishes such as glass, metal, and concrete lend a contemporary edge. Thoughtful consideration should be given to the durability, maintenance, and cleanliness of materials to ensure longevity and hygiene in a high-traffic environment.

Seating Comfort and Ergonomics:

Comfortable seating is essential to creating an enjoyable dining experience for patrons. The seating options should cater to different preferences and occasions, including banquettes, upholstered chairs, and bar stools. Ergonomic design and ample spacing between tables ensure comfort and privacy for diners, allowing them to relax and savor their meals without feeling crowded or cramped.

Kitchen Design and Workflow:

Efficient kitchen design is crucial to the success of a restaurant, ensuring smooth operations and timely service. The kitchen layout should be optimized to facilitate a logical workflow and minimize unnecessary movement for kitchen staff. Strategic placement of cooking equipment, prep stations, and storage areas maximizes efficiency and productivity in a fast-paced culinary environment.

Branding and Identity:

Branding elements are integral to creating a cohesive and memorable restaurant experience. Incorporating brand colors, logos, and graphics into the restaurant design reinforces brand identity and creates a cohesive visual language. Consistency in branding across various touchpoints, from menu design to interior decor, fosters brand recognition and strengthens brand loyalty among diners.

Acoustics and Sound Design:

Sound design plays a crucial role in creating a comfortable and enjoyable dining environment. The acoustics of the space should be carefully considered to minimize noise levels and create a pleasant ambiance for conversation. Incorporating sound-absorbing materials, such as acoustic panels, ceiling baffles, and upholstered surfaces, helps to reduce reverberation and background noise, enhancing the overall acoustic quality of the restaurant.

Outdoor Dining and Al Fresco Experience:

Integrating outdoor dining spaces adds versatility and enhances the overall dining experience of the restaurant. Designing spacious patios, rooftop terraces, or sidewalk cafes with comfortable seating, shade structures, and atmospheric lighting creates an inviting al fresco dining experience for patrons. Additionally, incorporating outdoor heaters, fire pits, and weatherproof furniture extends the outdoor dining season and maximizes the use of outdoor spaces year-round.

Conclusion:

Designing restaurants in architecture is a creative and dynamic process that requires a deep understanding of culinary concepts, spatial layout, ambiance, materials, branding, seating comfort, kitchen design, acoustics, and outdoor dining experience. By prioritizing these key considerations and creating captivating, inviting, and memorable dining environments, architects can help restaurateurs realize their vision and create culinary sanctuaries that delight the senses, engage the palate, and leave a lasting impression on diners.

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The sketches and basic renders I create are primarily intended to overcome creative blocks. They are abstract in nature and not final designs, often leaving room for multiple interpretations. For example, some sketches can be viewed both as elevations and floorplans, depending on how they are manipulated in space. These works are flexible and can be easily transformed by tweaking their geometry, adding modern facade systems, or incorporating other elements. An expert in the field can take these sketches, modify them, and further develop them into floorplans, sections, and elevations. Additionally, I also explore and publish my experiments with various AI image generators as part of my creative process.

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I dedicate a significant amount of time each month to maintaining this blog—designing, publishing, and curating new content, including sketches and articles. This blog is entirely free and ad-free, and I plan to keep it that way. As I manage it independently, without any staff, your support truly makes a difference.

If this blog has helped streamline your work, sparked new ideas, or inspired your creativity, I kindly ask you to consider contributing to its ongoing upkeep through a donation. Your support enables me to continue providing high-quality, valuable content.

All sketches and artwork featured on this blog and my Pinterest pages are available for purchase or licensing, subject to my approval.

Thank you,

Bozelos Panagiotis

Civil Engineer | Architect

LINKEDIN PROFILE: https://www.linkedin.com/in/panagiotis-bozelos-96b896240

CV : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1mKd0tFYFREnN1mbsT0t42uOavFln4UOo/view?usp=sharing
BLOG: www.architectsketch.blogspot.com
PINTEREST (sketches): https://gr.pinterest.com/bozelos/sketches-and-plans/

Don't hessitate to communicate with me for anything you want.
Contact info:
bozpan13@gmail.com
bozpan@protonmail.com 

TEL: 00306945176396

DONATE ME :  Donate to Panagiotis Bozelos

DONATE ME (Crypto): 0x0f15172ab16d89ca3f5dbd21755fd3e0e828c776  

---------------------------

bozelos @bozelos #bozelos 

#architectsjournal #buildingdesign #sell #art #civilengineeringdesign #civilengineers #sketching #sketch #sketches #constructioncompany #civilengineering #oilindustry #dubai #qatar #uae #recruitmentagency #recruitmentconsultant #recruitment solutions #recruitement #recruitment services #civilengineering #worker #recruitment #energyindustry #recruiters #oilandgascompanies #recruitmentconsultants #recruitmentnews #oilandgasindustry #architecture #civilconstruction #civilengineer #constructionjobs #art #abstract #sellercentral #selrsagent #sellers #sellersmarket #buyersmarket #buyers #buyersguide #collectors #collections #collectivites

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How to Maximize Small Spaces: Clever Design Hacks

Living in a small space doesn’t have to feel cramped or cluttered. With smart design choices and a little creativity, even the tiniest apartment or studio can feel open, stylish, and functional. Whether you’re in a city loft, tiny home, or cozy bedroom, these clever design hacks will help you make the most of every square inch.

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🪑 1. Choose Multi-Functional Furniture

One piece, multiple purposes—that’s the golden rule.

• Sofa beds, ottomans with storage, and extendable dining tables let you do more with less.

• Use a fold-down desk that disappears when you don’t need it.

• Loft beds can create space for a home office or storage underneath.

Hack: Look for furniture labeled "transformable" or "modular."

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🧱 2. Think Vertically, Not Just Horizontally

Walls aren’t just for art—they’re for storage and structure.

• Install wall-mounted shelves, pegboards, or hanging organizers.

• Use tall bookcases or ladder shelves to draw the eye upward.

• Consider hanging plants to add greenery without using floor space.

Hack: Place a tall mirror to bounce light and visually “lift” the room.

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🗃️ 3. Hidden Storage is Your Best Friend

In small spaces, everything should work harder.

• Use under-bed bins, behind-the-door hooks, or drawer dividers.

• Choose beds with built-in drawers, or benches that open to reveal storage.

• Invest in floating nightstands to clear floor space.

Hack: Store off-season clothes or linens in vacuum-sealed bags under furniture.

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🎨 4. Light & Color Open the Room

Dark colors can make a room feel smaller—light, neutral tones reflect more light and feel airy.

• Stick to whites, soft grays, or pastels.

• Add mirrors to reflect natural light and give an illusion of more space.

• Keep window treatments light or minimal to avoid blocking sunlight.

Hack: Use a consistent color palette to reduce visual clutter.

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🧠 5. Create Zones, Even in One Room

Small doesn’t have to mean shapeless. Divide space by function.

• Use rugs, curtains, or open shelving to define areas—like work, sleep, and eat.

• Even a studio can feel like a one-bedroom if you section it thoughtfully.

Hack: A foldable screen or bookshelf makes an instant “room divider.”

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🛠️ 6. Use Built-Ins or Wall-Mounted Solutions

Free up floor space wherever possible.

• Replace floor lamps with wall-mounted lights.

• Install a floating desk or fold-down table.

• Use built-in wardrobes or custom shelving to fit awkward corners.

Hack: Customize IKEA pieces with DIY upgrades or compact layouts.

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🎯 Final Tips

• Declutter regularly—if it doesn’t serve a purpose or bring joy, let it go.

• Go minimal—less stuff = more room to breathe.

• Stay organized—chaos shrinks space; order expands it.

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📌 Final Thought

Small spaces aren’t a limitation—they’re a creative challenge. With the right design strategies, you can turn even the tiniest nook into a sanctuary of style and efficiency. Think smart, live light, and let your space work for you.

--------------------

I dedicate a significant amount of time each month to maintaining this blog—designing, publishing, and curating new content, including sketches and articles. This blog is entirely free and ad-free, and I plan to keep it that way. As I manage it independently, without any staff, your support truly makes a difference.

If this blog has helped streamline your work, sparked new ideas, or inspired your creativity, I kindly ask you to consider contributing to its ongoing upkeep through a donation. Your support enables me to continue providing high-quality, valuable content.

All sketches and artwork featured on this blog and my Pinterest pages are available for purchase or licensing, subject to my approval.

Thank you,

Bozelos Panagiotis

Civil Engineer | Architect

LINKEDIN PROFILE: https://www.linkedin.com/in/panagiotis-bozelos-96b896240

CV : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1mKd0tFYFREnN1mbsT0t42uOavFln4UOo/view?usp=sharing
BLOG: www.architectsketch.blogspot.com
PINTEREST (sketches): https://gr.pinterest.com/bozelos/sketches-and-plans/

Don't hessitate to communicate with me for anything you want.
Contact info:
bozpan13@gmail.com
bozpan@protonmail.com 

TEL: 00306945176396

DONATE ME :  Donate to Panagiotis Bozelos

DONATE ME (Crypto): 0x0f15172ab16d89ca3f5dbd21755fd3e0e828c776  

---------------------------

bozelos @bozelos #bozelos 

#architectsjournal #buildingdesign #sell #art #civilengineeringdesign #civilengineers #sketching #sketch #sketches #constructioncompany #civilengineering #oilindustry #dubai #qatar #uae #recruitmentagency #recruitmentconsultant #recruitment solutions #recruitement #recruitment services #civilengineering #worker #recruitment #energyindustry #recruiters #oilandgascompanies #recruitmentconsultants #recruitmentnews #oilandgasindustry #architecture #civilconstruction #civilengineer #constructionjobs #art #abstract #sellercentral #selrsagent #sellers #sellersmarket #buyersmarket #buyers #buyersguide #collectors #collections #collectivites

#nft #nftart #nftcommunity #nftartist #nftcollector